Executive and Design Architects: Roles Explained
Introduction
This week we discuss the responsibilities and roles of the Design Architect and the Architect of Record (AOR) also known as the Executive Architect when working together during each project phase from pre-design to concept design; schematic design; design development; construction documentation; bidding; and construction. We also discuss legal liabilities; fee differences; knowledge overlap; and more.
1. Why and When You Might Need Two Architects
There are several scenarios in which you might need both a Design Architect and an AOR. One of the most common reasons is when the Design Architect is not local to the project. If the design team is based in one location but the project is happening in another, you need an AOR who understands local building codes, regulations, and construction methods.
Additionally, the Design Architect might lack the technical expertise or production capacity to complete the project independently. This could be due to limited staff, a tight timeline, or the need for specific licensure. In these cases, the AOR steps in to manage the technical execution and regulatory aspects of the project.
However, it’s important to note that for most projects, especially smaller residential or commercial builds, you typically do not need two architects. Many projects can be completed with a single architect who manages both the design and technical execution. The need for both a Design Architect and an AOR usually arises in more complex, large-scale projects where specialized knowledge and local expertise are critical for success.
2. Architects Roles Explained
The Design Architect is primarily responsible for the overall vision of the project, focusing on the conceptual and aesthetic aspects. Their work includes everything from the exterior form of the building to the interior spaces. On the other hand, the Architect of Record (AOR) ensures that this vision is translated into a buildable reality. They handle the technical, regulatory, and construction-related details, ensuring that the design complies with local codes and safety standards, and ultimately bring the vision to life on-site.
Design Architect: Creates the overarching design and aesthetic vision.
AOR: Ensures the project is buildable, handling permits, construction documents, and local code compliance.
3. Design Phases
During the Pre-Design phase, the Architect of Record (AOR) typically takes the lead, conducting feasibility studies and zoning research to ensure the project’s viability. They may also recommend key consultants to the owner, such as the general contractor, structural engineer, and other essential professionals.
Next, in the Concept Design phase, the Design Architect takes over, shaping the big vision for the project. While the AOR provides oversight and advises on local requirements, the Design Architect leads the creation of the project’s initial form and aesthetic direction. The Design Architect continues to refine the project’s design during the Schematic Design phase, with the AOR providing advice on local codes, coordinating with local consultants, and proposing alternate materials or finishes if needed.
The Design Development phase is when the most collaboration between the two architects during this phase. The AOR translates the design into detailed drawings that comply with local building codes, while the Design Architect selects materials and specifies dimensions to maintain the project’s design integrity.
Permitting, which takes place during or after Design Development typically, is lead by the AOR who preparing the architectural drawings, coordinating with local consultants, and submitting the necessary documents for approval. They handle any plan check corrections and ensure that all adjustments align with the project’s vision and local regulations.
The Construction Documents phase is mostly executed by the AOR who creates detailed technical drawings to guide the construction process, while the Design Architect provides oversight to ensure the original design intent is upheld. Then finally, during Construction Administration, the AOR oversees the project on-site, addressing RFIs, reviewing shop drawings, and conducting site visits. They ensure that any changes made during construction align with both the design and the necessary safety regulations, ensuring the project stays on track from concept to completion.
4. Legal Responsibilities
and Liability
The legal responsibilities of the Design Architect and the AOR are significantly different. The Design Architect’s role focuses on the creative aspects, and they are not responsible for code compliance, permits, or construction oversight. Therefore, the Design Architect carries less liability. Conversely, the AOR holds legal responsibility for ensuring the project adheres to building codes, safety standards, and local regulations. They are the ones who sign off on the drawings and submit them for permits, bearing significant liability for the project’s construction quality and safety compliance.
5. Collaboration and Working Relationships
Throughout the process, the Design Architect primarily interacts with the client, guiding them through the creative decisions. Meanwhile, the AOR collaborates with other professionals involved in the project, such as contractors, engineers, and local consultants. Their expertise ensures that all elements of the design are feasible and meet local regulations.
How the Work is Split: The distribution of work between the Design Architect and AOR varies from project to project. Typically, the AOR handles 50-75% of the work, particularly when it comes to technical documentation and construction oversight.
However, if the Design Architect is highly detail-oriented or has significant experience in the project type, their involvement may be greater than usual, particularly in the design development and oversight phases. For example, in some cases, the AOR may only conduct site visits and manage local permits, while the Design Architect takes on a larger role in ensuring that the design details are followed through.
On the other hand, if the Design Architect is less detail-oriented, the AOR might take on more of the workload, including refining design drawings to meet local codes and construction standards.
6. Keys to successful teamwork
For a project to run smoothly, keys for successful teamwork between the Design Architect and the AOR include open communication, clear boundaries, and mutual respect for each role’s expertise.
The Design Architect primarily interacts with the client to shape the design, while the AOR collaborates closely with local consultants and contractors to ensure technical accuracy. By establishing these collaborative foundations early on, clients and architects alike can achieve a balance that brings the design vision to life while meeting practical requirements.